![]() Industrial Revolution The transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to between 18. It is urbanization seen from the rural perspective. rural flight The migratory pattern of peoples from rural areas into urban areas. In England and Wales, the term is also used for the process that ended the ancient system of arable farming in open fields. Once enclosed, use of the land became restricted to the owner and ceased to be common land for communal use. ![]() Key Terms enclosure The legal process in England during the 18th century of enclosing a number of small landholdings to create one larger farm. Farming became a business rather than solely a means of subsistence. They also became less subject to price fixing regulations. This freed them from having to lower prices in an oversupplied local market and the inability to sell surpluses to distant localities experiencing shortages. With the development of regional markets and eventually a national market aided by improved transportation infrastructures, farmers were no longer dependent on their local markets.Commerce was aided by the expansion of roads and inland waterways. Eventually the market evolved into a national one driven by London and other growing cities. The next stage of development was trading between markets, requiring merchants, credit and forward sales, and knowledge of markets and pricing as well as of supply and demand in different markets.By the 19th century, marketing was nationwide and the vast majority of agricultural production was for market rather than for the farmer and his family. The most important development between the 16th century and the mid-19th century was the development of private marketing. ![]() However, mass rural flight did not take place until the Industrial Revolution was already underway. As enclosure deprived many of access to land or left farmers with plots too small and of poor quality, increasing numbers of workers had no choice but migrate to the city. The Agricultural Revolution has therefore been cited as a cause of the Industrial Revolution. ![]() The rise in productivity accelerated the decline of the agricultural share of the labor force, adding to the urban workforce on which industrialization depended.The increase in the food supply contributed to the rapid growth of population in England and Wales, from 5.5 million in 1700 to over 9 million by 1801, although domestic production gave way increasingly to food imports in the 19th century as population more than tripled to over 32 million.The Agricultural Revolution gave Britain the most productive agriculture in Europe, with 19th-century yields as much as 80% higher than the Continental average. It is estimated that total agricultural output grew 2.7-fold between 17 and output per worker at a similar rate. The Agricultural Revolution in Britain proved to be a major turning point, allowing population to far exceed earlier peaks and sustain the country’s rise to industrial preeminence. ![]()
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